# LC oscillator design (GP)

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    % Boyd, Kim, and Mohan, "Geometric programming and its
    % applications to EDA Problems", (DATE Tutorial 2005), pp.102-113.
    % Original code by S. Mohan
    % Written for CVX by Almir Mutapcic 02/08/06
    %
    % Designs an LC oscillator consisting of a loop inductor, varactors
    % for fine tuning, binary weighted switching capacitors for coarse
    % tuning, cross coupled NMOS transistors, and tail current source.
    % The optimal LC oscillator design iwith minimum power consumption,
    % and limits on phase noise, area, etc... can be formulated as a GP:
    %
    %   minimize   P
    %       s.t.   N <= Nmax, A <= Amax, l >= lmin, etc.
    %
    % where optimization variables are loop inductor dimensions D,W,
    % size of varactor Vc, size of switching caps Csw, width and length
    % of transistors Wnmos, Lnmos, bias current Ibias, etc.

    %********************************************************************
    % problem data
    %********************************************************************
    Vdd   = 1.2;         % voltage
    CL    = 0.2e-12;     % load capcitance
    F     = 5e9;         % operating frequency in Hz
    omega = 2*pi*F;      % operating freq. in radians

    FOff   = 6e5;        % offset frequency for phase noise calculation
    LoopGainSpec = 2.0;  % loop gain spec
    Vbias  = 0.2;        % non ideality of current mirror

    % tuning specs
    T         = 0.1;     % +/- tuning range as a normalized value
    CvarRatio = 3;       % maximum to minimum value of CVar
    CswBits   = 3;
    CswSegs   = 2^(CswBits);
    CvarCswLSBOverlap = 2;

    disp('Generating the optimal tradeoff curve...')

    %********************************************************************
    % optimization of LC oscillator circuit (with tradeoff curve)
    %********************************************************************
    % varying phase noise parameter for the tradeoff curve
    powers = [];
    for PNSpec=0.7e-12:0.2e-12:1e-11
      fprintf('  PNSpec = %5.2f dBc/Hz: ', 10*log10(PNSpec) );
      cvx_begin gp quiet
        % optimization variables
        variable D;        % diameter of loop inductor
        variable W;        % width of loop inductor
        variable SRF;      % self resonance frequency
        variable l;        % length of CMOS transistor
        variable w;        % width of CMOS transistor
        variable Imax;     % maximum current through CMOS transistor
        variable VOsc;     % differential voltage amplitude
        variable CT;       % total capacitance of oscillator
        variable Csw;      % maximum switching capacitance
        variable Cvar;     % minimum variable capacitance
        variable IBias;    % bias current
        variable CMaxFreq; % capacitor max frequency

        % minimize power = Vdd*IBias;
        minimize( Vdd*IBias )
        subject to
          %*******************************************%
          % loop inductor definitions and constraints %
          %*******************************************%
          SRFSpec  = 3*F;
          omegaSRF = 2*pi*SRF;

          % inductance
          L = 2.1e-06*D^(1.28)*(W)^(-0.25)*(F)^(-0.01);
          % series resistance
          R = 0.1*D/W+3e-6*D*W^(-0.84)*F^(0.5)+5e-9*D*W^(-0.76)*F^(0.75)+0.02*D*W*F;
          % effective capacitance
          C = 1e-11*D+5e-6*D*W;

          % area, tank conductance, and inverse quality factor
          Area = (D+W)^2;
          G    = R/(omega*L)^2;
          invQ = R/(omega*L);

          % loop constraints
          Area <= 0.25e-6;
          W <= 30e-6;
          5e-6 <= W;
          10*W <= D;
          D <= 100*W;
          SRFSpec <= SRF;
          omegaSRF^2*L*C <= 1;

          %****************************************%
          % transistor definitions and constraints %
          %****************************************%
          GM  = 6e-3*(w/l)^0.6*(Imax/2)^(0.4);
          GD  = 4e-10*(w/l)^0.4*(Imax/2)^(0.6)*1/l;
          Vgs = 0.34+1e-8/l+800*(Imax*l/(2*w))^0.7;
          Cgs = 1e-2*w*l;
          Cgd = 1e-9*w;
          Cdb = 1e-9*w;

          % transistor constraints
          2e-6 <= w;
          0.13e-6 <= l;
          l <= 1e-6;

          %***************************************************%
          % overall LC oscillator definitions and constraints %
          %***************************************************%
          invVOsc = (G+GD)/IBias;

          % phase noise
          kT4  = 4*1.38e-23*300;
          kT4G = 2*kT4;
          LoopCurrentNoise = kT4*G;
          TransistorCurrentNoise = 0.5*kT4G*GM;
          PN = 1/(160*(FOff*VOsc*CT)^2)*(LoopCurrentNoise+TransistorCurrentNoise);

          % capacitance
          Cfix = C+0.5*(CL+Cgs+Cdb+4*Cgd); % fixed capacitance
          CDiffMaxFreq = Cfix+0.5*Cvar;

          invLoopGain = (G+0.5*GD)/(0.5*GM);

          % LC oscillator constraints
          PN <= PNSpec;
          omega^2*L*CT == 1;
          omega^2*(1+T)^2*L*CMaxFreq == 1;
          4*T/((1-T^2)^2)*CT <= Csw*(1+CvarCswLSBOverlap/CswSegs);
          Csw*CvarCswLSBOverlap/CswSegs <= 0.5*Cvar*(CvarRatio-1);
          CDiffMaxFreq <= CMaxFreq;
          VOsc+2*Vbias <= 2*Vdd;
          VOsc*invVOsc <= 1;
          invLoopGain*LoopGainSpec <= 1; % loop gain spec
          Vbias+Vgs+IBias/2*R/2 <= Vdd;  % bias constraint spec
          Imax == IBias;
      cvx_end
      fprintf('min_power = %3.2f mW\n', cvx_optval/1e-3);
      powers = [powers cvx_optval];
    end

    % plot the tradeoff curve
    PNSpec = 0.7e-12:0.2e-12:1e-11;
    plot(10*log10(PNSpec),powers/1e-3);
    xlabel('Phase Noise (dBc/Hz)')
    ylabel('Power (mW)')
    disp('Optimal tradeoff curve plotted.')

    Generating the optimal tradeoff curve...
      PNSpec = -121.55 dBc/Hz: min_power = 19.00 mW
      PNSpec = -120.46 dBc/Hz: min_power = 11.41 mW
      PNSpec = -119.59 dBc/Hz: min_power = 8.35 mW
      PNSpec = -118.86 dBc/Hz: min_power = 6.44 mW
      PNSpec = -118.24 dBc/Hz: min_power = 5.64 mW
      PNSpec = -117.70 dBc/Hz: min_power = 5.30 mW
      PNSpec = -117.21 dBc/Hz: min_power = 5.02 mW
      PNSpec = -116.78 dBc/Hz: min_power = 4.77 mW
      PNSpec = -116.38 dBc/Hz: min_power = 4.56 mW
      PNSpec = -116.02 dBc/Hz: min_power = 4.38 mW
      PNSpec = -115.69 dBc/Hz: min_power = 4.21 mW
      PNSpec = -115.38 dBc/Hz: min_power = 4.07 mW
      PNSpec = -115.09 dBc/Hz: min_power = 3.93 mW
      PNSpec = -114.81 dBc/Hz: min_power = 3.81 mW
      PNSpec = -114.56 dBc/Hz: min_power = 3.70 mW
      PNSpec = -114.32 dBc/Hz: min_power = 3.60 mW
      PNSpec = -114.09 dBc/Hz: min_power = 3.51 mW
      PNSpec = -113.87 dBc/Hz: min_power = 3.42 mW
      PNSpec = -113.67 dBc/Hz: min_power = 3.34 mW
      PNSpec = -113.47 dBc/Hz: min_power = 3.27 mW
      PNSpec = -113.28 dBc/Hz: min_power = 3.20 mW
      PNSpec = -113.10 dBc/Hz: min_power = 3.13 mW
      PNSpec = -112.92 dBc/Hz: min_power = 3.07 mW
      PNSpec = -112.76 dBc/Hz: min_power = 3.01 mW
      PNSpec = -112.60 dBc/Hz: min_power = 2.96 mW
      PNSpec = -112.44 dBc/Hz: min_power = 2.91 mW
      PNSpec = -112.29 dBc/Hz: min_power = 2.86 mW
      PNSpec = -112.15 dBc/Hz: min_power = 2.81 mW
      PNSpec = -112.01 dBc/Hz: min_power = 2.77 mW
      PNSpec = -111.87 dBc/Hz: min_power = 2.72 mW
      PNSpec = -111.74 dBc/Hz: min_power = 2.68 mW
      PNSpec = -111.61 dBc/Hz: min_power = 2.64 mW
      PNSpec = -111.49 dBc/Hz: min_power = 2.61 mW
      PNSpec = -111.37 dBc/Hz: min_power = 2.57 mW
      PNSpec = -111.25 dBc/Hz: min_power = 2.54 mW
      PNSpec = -111.14 dBc/Hz: min_power = 2.50 mW
      PNSpec = -111.02 dBc/Hz: min_power = 2.47 mW
      PNSpec = -110.92 dBc/Hz: min_power = 2.44 mW
      PNSpec = -110.81 dBc/Hz: min_power = 2.41 mW
      PNSpec = -110.71 dBc/Hz: min_power = 2.38 mW
      PNSpec = -110.60 dBc/Hz: min_power = 2.36 mW
      PNSpec = -110.51 dBc/Hz: min_power = 2.33 mW
      PNSpec = -110.41 dBc/Hz: min_power = 2.31 mW
      PNSpec = -110.32 dBc/Hz: min_power = 2.28 mW
      PNSpec = -110.22 dBc/Hz: min_power = 2.26 mW
      PNSpec = -110.13 dBc/Hz: min_power = 2.23 mW
      PNSpec = -110.04 dBc/Hz: min_power = 2.21 mW
    Optimal tradeoff curve plotted.