# Figures 6.11-6.14: Total variation reconstruction

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    % Section 6.3.3
    % Boyd & Vandenberghe "Convex Optimization"
    % Original by Lieven Vandenberghe
    % Adapted for CVX Argyris Zymnis - 10/2005
    %
    % Suppose we have a signal x, which is mostly smooth, but has several
    % rapid variations (or jumps). If we apply quadratic smoothing on
    % this signal (see SMOOTHREC_CVX) then in order to remove the noise
    % we will not be able to preserve the signal's sharp transitions.
    %
    % We can instead apply total variation reconstruction on the signal
    % by solving
    %        minimize ||x_hat - x_cor||_2 + lambda*TV(x_hat)
    %
    % where TV(x) = sum(abs(x_(i+1)-x_i)) , for i = 1 to n-1.
    % The parameter lambda controls the ''smoothness'' of x_hat.
    %
    % Figure 1 shows the original and corrupted signals.
    % Figure 2 shows the tradeoff curve obtained when varying lambda
    % and figure 3 shows three reconstructed signals with different
    % total variation.
    %
    % Figure 4 is a tradeoff curve for quadratic smoothing, while figure 5
    % shows three reconstructed signals with quadratic smoothing.
    % Note how TV reconstruction does a better job of preserving the
    % sharp transitions in the signal while removing the noise.

    n = 2000;  % length of signal
    t = (0:n)';

    figure(1)
    subplot(211)
    temp = ones(ceil((n+1)/4),1);
    exact= [temp; -temp; temp; -temp];
    exact = exact(1:n+1) + 0.5*sin((2*pi/n)*t);
    plot(t,exact,'-');
    axis([0 n+10 -2 2]);
    ylabel('ya');
    title('signal');
    exact_variation = sum(abs(exact(2:(n+1)) - exact(1:n)))

    subplot(212)
    noise = 0.1*randn(size(t));
    corrupt = exact+noise;
    plot(t,corrupt,'-');
    axis([0 n+10 -2 2]);
    noisy_variation = sum(abs(corrupt(2:(n+1)) - corrupt(1:n)))
    ylabel('yb');
    xlabel('x');
    title('corrupted signal');
    %print -deps tv_exact_corrupt.eps % figure 6.11, page 315

    % tradeoff curve, total variation vs ||x-xcorr||_2
    % figure 6.13 page 316
    fprintf('computing 100 points on tradeoff curve ... \n');
    nopts = 100;
    TVs = linspace(0.01,.9*noisy_variation,nopts);

       obj1 = [];  obj2 = [];
       for i=1:nopts
         fprintf('tradeoff point %d\n',i);
         cvx_begin quiet
            variable xrec(n+1)
            minimize(norm(xrec-corrupt))
            subject to
                norm(xrec(2:(n+1))-xrec(1:n),1) <= TVs(i);
         cvx_end
         obj1 = [obj1, TVs(i)];
         obj2 = [obj2, norm(full(xrec-corrupt))];
       end;
       obj1 = [0 obj1 noisy_variation];
       obj2 = [norm(corrupt) obj2 0];

    figure(2)
       plot(obj2,obj1,'-'); hold on
       plot(0,noisy_variation,'o');
       plot(norm(corrupt),0,'o');  hold off
       xlabel('x');
       ylabel('y');
       title('||Dxhat||_1 versus ||xhat-x||_2');
       %print -deps tv_tradeoff.eps % figure 6.13, page 316

    figure(3)
       subplot(311)
       % solve total variation problem
       cvx_begin quiet
        variable xrec(n+1)
        minimize(norm(xrec-corrupt))
        subject to
            norm(xrec(2:(n+1))-xrec(1:n),1) <= 10;
       cvx_end
       plot(t,xrec','-');
       axis([0 n -2 2]);
       ylabel('ya');
       title('xhat with TV=10');

       subplot(312)
       cvx_begin quiet
        variable xrec(n+1)
        minimize(norm(xrec-corrupt))
        subject to
            norm(xrec(2:(n+1))-xrec(1:n),1) <= 8;
       cvx_end
       plot(t,xrec','-');
       axis([0 n -2 2]);
       ylabel('yb');
       title('xhat with TV=8');

       subplot(313)
       cvx_begin quiet
        variable xrec(n+1)
        minimize(norm(xrec-corrupt))
        subject to
            norm(xrec(2:(n+1))-xrec(1:n),1) <= 5;
       cvx_end
       plot(t,xrec','-');
       axis([0 n -2 2]);
       xlabel('x');
       ylabel('yc');
       title('xhat with TV=5');

       %print -deps tv_rec_10_8_5.eps % figure 6.14, page 317

    % quadratic smoothing, figure 6.12, page 316
    % In this case it is not a good idea to use CVX
    % as the sparsity in the closed form solution
    % makes it very easy to solve directly
    A = sparse(n,n+1);
    A(:,1:n) = -speye(n,n);  A(:,2:n+1) = A(:,2:n+1)+speye(n,n);

    % tradeoff curve with quadratic smoothing
    nopts = 100;
    lambdas = logspace(-10,10,nopts);
    obj1 = [];  obj2 = [];
    for i=1:nopts

      lambda = lambdas(i);
      x = (A'*A+lambda*speye(n+1,n+1)) \ (lambda*corrupt);
      obj1 = [obj1, norm(full(A*x))];
      obj2 = [obj2, norm(full(x-corrupt))];
    end;

    figure(4)
    plot(obj2,obj1,'-'); hold on
    plot(0,norm(A*corrupt),'o');
    plot(norm(corrupt),0,'o'); hold off
    xlabel('x');
    ylabel('y');
    title('||Dxhat||_2 vs ||xhat-xcor||_2');
    %print -deps tv_smooth_tradeoff.eps

    nopts = 3;
    alphas = [10 7 4];
    xrecon = [];

    for i=1:3
       alpha = alphas(i);
       u = 10;  l = -10;  normx = Inf;
       while (abs(normx-alpha) > 1e-3)
          lambda = 10^((u+l)/2);
          x = (A'*A+lambda*speye(n+1,n+1)) \ (lambda*corrupt);
          normx = norm(x-corrupt);
          if (normx > alpha), l = (u+l)/2; else u = (u+l)/2;  end;
       end;
       xrecon = [xrecon, x];

    end;

    figure(5)
    subplot(311), plot(xrecon(:,1));
    axis([0 n -2 2])
    ylabel('ya');
    title('quadratic smoothing with ||xhat-xcor||_2=10');
    subplot(312), plot(xrecon(:,2));
    axis([0 n -2 2])
    ylabel('yb');
    title('quadratic smoothing with ||xhat-xcor||_2=7');
    subplot(313), plot(xrecon(:,3));
    axis([0 n -2 2])
    xlabel('x');
    ylabel('yc');
    title('quadratic smoothing with ||xhat-xcor||_2=4');
    %print -deps tv_smooth_tradeoff_examples.eps
    % figure 6.12, page 316

    exact_variation =

        7.9968

    noisy_variation =

      232.7843

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